The Battle of Messines a. The Battle of Passchendaele - World War I The Battle of Passchendaele was fought July 31 to November 6, 1917, during World War I (1914-1918). To order a copy for £22.50 (p& p free), call 0870 161 0870. New Zealand played an integral part in many of the legendary battles of World War One, including, Gallipoli, The Somme, and most importantly, the bloody Battle of Passchendaele. Following the disastrous Nivelle Offensive in the spring of 1917, the French Army had suffered from widespread mutinies. The battle became a symbol of muddy trench warfare and large numbers of casualties which defined the First World War. So when looking through the photographs of this battle here on the blog, and in the exhibition, it may be puzzling that some depict this morass with men and horses up to their waists in mud, yet many others show a rather dry and dusty landscape. This was an all time low in New Zealand’s military history and all together as many as, 350,000 British casualties were taken during the Third Battle of Ypres. 5% off selected room stays - Travelodge discount code, Up to 20% off all-inclusive holidays at TUI, Family memberships from just £78 a year at National Trust, Knock up to 50% off bookings in green-listed countries, Getaway Deals up to 15% off with Booking.com discounts, Art of London - Brand Post | Paid Content, David Fuller: Nurse who had affair with rapist is ‘lucky to be alive’, Travellers who refuse third jab could face travel restrictions, Booster jab bookings extended to a month in advance, Calls grow for inquiry into PM’s Spanish holiday, Iraqi Prime Minister survives assassination attempt by armed drone, Police probe launched into Astroworld crush, COP26 latest news LIVE: Greta Thunberg to lead climate change protest in Glasgow, Foreign currency sales soar as US and winter sunspots open up, Young protesters have given up school due to climate urgency, says activist, Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have led the official commemorations to mark 100 years, Jemima Khan pulls out of The Crown over Princess Diana portrayal, Children of morgue rapist are ‘in total shock’. He now saw battle differently, as: “...no longer a Darwinian survival of the fittest, but the survival of those who stay safely away from this terrible holocaust, whether in civilian occupation or comfortable billets, either at the Base or in England. (Where luck wasn’t involved, of course, which it was a lot). "One hundred years ago, our … 2014 marked 100 years since the start of that War. Once the Allies had captured Messines Ridge, they were able to plan their next offensive from the strategic position it gave them. Visit Osprey Publishing’s website for more military history. The battle of Passchendaele lasted from July 31 to November 6, 1917. The extraordinary and moving story of a man, now aged 108, whose life has spanned six monarchs and twenty Prime Ministers . However, as bestselling military historian Nick Lloyd reveals in this highly-praised history - the first of an epic trilogy -- the story is not one of pointlessness and stupidity, but rather a heroic triumph against the odds. The doctrine called for isolated troops to be placed in these forward areas who, after hopefully surviving the initial bombardment by the British, would then machine gun and snipe attackers from mutually reinforcing positions at various points across the battlefield. After the war had got into full swing in 1915, a shell shortage had hampered progress on the battlefield, something generals like Haig had had to contend with. Whatever else the British needed, they urgently required a period of dry weather in which to break out of the Salient. The Battle of Passchendaele was fought July 31 to November 6, 1917, during World War I (1914-1918). AS91231 (Internal Assessment) - Examine sources of an historical event that is of significance to New Zealanders. My wound was slight The magnitude of the battle still stuns the imagination. Also the impassable sludge that the battlefield now consisted of meant that many of the artillery pieces became stuck, eventually firing on their own men. Burst slick upon the duck-boards; so I fell The operation led to criticism of General Haig for continuing the campaign even after it became apparent a breakthrough might be unlikely. The brutal Battle of Passchendaele was just one example of the bloody battles of World War one which left New Zealand impacted and in a state of shock. Alfred Korzybski’s famous expression has been used here before while discussing World War 1, and with good reason. The price of food and coal increased, leading to a greatly unhealthier population and this, coupled with the fact that many doctors, nurses and medical supplies were involved in the war lead to an outbreak of influenza nearing the end of the war. What happened next is that Haig essentially denied him this. Of 3000 casualties on that day, more than 840 young New Zealanders lay … He points out that, in justifying the assault on Passchendaele, Haig had invoked, both before, and afterwards, the plight of the French Army. This was despite the PM having served his time in the metaphorical trenches, and having done more than perhaps anyone else to aid Western Front generals from the political side of the fence. The scene: Belgium in November 1917, at the end of the Third Battle of Ypres, later dubbed ‘Passchendaele’ after a village that came to be the campaign’s final objective. In some instances on the Somme, this meant lifting an artillery barrage before attacking troops would climb out of their trenches and rush across no man’s land to kill or capture the stunned German defenders, or so it was envisioned. These aspects of New Zealand life were effected in a positive, negative and ofttimes both manners by its involvement in Passchendaele. If captured ground is used as a metric of success, as is considered by historians Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, then Plumer was actually less successful than Gough. Air photographs of Passchendaele were taken after the battle; it is estimated that half a million shell holes could be seen in the half square mile of the picture!. It was called ‘defence in depth’ and consisted of a zone roughly 2,000 – 3,000 yards deep, the front of which would be relatively lightly defended. The story follows Gross as a troubled veteran, his nurse girlfriend and a naïve boy who intersect first in Alberta and then through the bloody battle of Passchendaele. The assault was temporarily stopped before starting up again on September 20 with further attacks in early October. Look at those two chairs’. Fact is, the movie is nowhere close to a documentary and when its over many, like me, will wonder how much they have learned about the historic battle of Passchendaele. Found inside – Page 231“Oh, God, Evan, life is so bloody complicated.” I didn't reply. ... “Evan, Rhys was wounded very badly at Passchendaele. ... They took the news of Dai's death very badly, but I think your letter made them feel a lot better. John Barrett, who was killed aged 37, on 31 July 1917 Credit: Julian Simmonds. This latest German Army book by Jack Sheldon covers a shorter (three week) timeframe than his earlier works. https://www.facebook.com/ThePasschendaeleSociety/. The Battle of Passchendaele was a fierce conflict in the First World War and part of the Battle of Ypres. Political and social consequences - Loss of life, two arguments on NZ’s relationship with Britain: more independent or closer, League of Nations, friendship with Belgium andmajor setbacks in relationship with Germany and continued military allegiance with Britain. This guide has been put together due to the request of students conducting their source assignment on the Battle of Passchendaele and we would welcome any suggestions for improvements from students or teachers, you can contact us at our Facebook page here: < https://www.facebook.com/ThePasschendaeleSociety/ >. - Credit: Archant. As the BBC’s 1964 series ‘The Great War’ put it, “War had outgrown battlefields, it had become the test of a nation’s technology”, and Lloyd George, a dynamo of a politician, was the man tasked with maximising Britain’s efficiency. He was appointed Minister of Munitions. Under heavy machine-gun fire, they pushed on into the village of Passchendale, clearing cellars and bayoneting any Germans who refused to surrender.”. (It is worth momentarily pausing to consider how ridiculously bloody the First World War was).Â, Meanwhile, Gough’s approach saw casualties of ‘only’ 1,500 per square mile captured because his plan was more territorially ambitious.Â. The losses of this battle only helped wear down the German army. But despite the difficulties and the horrific conditions, Currie agreed to send his Canadians on to Passchendaele:Â, “All ranks made the assault with great dash. The Germans bombarded the place remorselessly for four days but were unable to dislodge the Canadians. This had seen Germans stunned by enormous underground mines that blew up many of their positions before the attack. What makes Ukraine such an important point of tension between Russia and the West? Thus, students should restrict their analysis to the scope of the event they have studied itself—in this case, the Battle of Passchendaele—and then its causes and consequences. Belgium and Holland aren’t known as ‘the Low Countries’ for nothing. Fig 1 Sketch from Jack’s Description of the movements of … New Zealand’s involvement in Passchendaele also led to a whole, ‘Lost Generation.’ Many small towns, villages and families lost valuable male leaders and role figures, also leaving a high gap in their population and work force. Many men and war horses drowned in the liquid mud, and even tanks became stuck. Economic consequences - increased revenue for farmers and trading with Britain, working class wages lowered cost of living increased and class divisions grew forming the Labour party and loss of trading with previous partner, Germany. He couldn’t have stopped the offensive then, not when it was going so well. Here’s why the Passchendaele Museum should be at the top of your list for educating students about the First World War. 1917. Along the way, he challenges our enduring perceptions of the battle and draws unexpected conclusions from the detailed information he provides. Examine how a significant historical event affected New Zealanders in the short and/or long term. (And, presumably, they fretted about the fact that they might then sink into and drown in the mud). In the end, it was this protocol that became the standard, but even before it had become so, Rawlinson’s plans might have worked out better if Haig’s goals for the battle had not been so ambitious. Fanning the flames of the scandal, and pushing for urgently needed reform, was the Daily Mail. Frequent artillery bombardments had destroyed the local drainage system and pierced the water table, helping flood the area. Despite massive Allied losses and small gains, General Haig refused to accept defeat and ordered more assaults. More than 24 of the Church Lads' Brigade were awarded a Victoria Cross for their bravery, but by 1918 many of those gallant young Lads would not return home. This is their story. When they failed to do that, they kept fighting. This was the worst human disaster in New Zealand history before or since. In other instances, a much more sophisticated ‘creeping barrage’ was employed, whereby artillery support and troop movements would be carefully calibrated so that soldiers could advance right behind a protective curtain of artillery fire. The battle became a symbol of muddy trench warfare and large numbers of casualties which defined the First World War. Rounding out the book, Lloyd returns to the story of Haig’s Chief of Staff: “The true story of Kiggell and the mud – which opened this history – is, in some respects, even worse than the legend would have us believe. Lloyd points out that, beyond both he and Gough (who was now as cautious as his colleague) once telling Haig that the offensive should stop, as well as thinking that the ‘breakthrough’ Haig asked them to exploit would never occur, Plumer had a knack for following orders too much. After this, there is also a number of links which contain further information as well as that which was used in this essay. Economically Passchendaele impacts upon New Zealand consisted of both negatives and positives. Few battles encapsulate World War One better than the Battle of Passchendaele. The Battle of the Marne (6–10 September 1914) scuppered that, and the Schlieffen Plan failed. News Why a century on Passchendaele remains a by word for the horrors of war. Passchendaele Centenary. Plumer had one gun for every 7 meters of front. So I said, ‘Get your rifles, one man in the middle to stretch them out, make a chain and let him get hold of it.’ But it was no use. This assessment is one of the most widely taken papers in NCEA history. The Battle of Passchendaele, fought July 1917, is sometimes called the Third Battle of Ypres. The number of German casualties is not known. James Belich believes that Britain had to pay for the high New Zealand death toll under British command by buying produce from New Zealand throughout the war, essentially converting it to, ‘Britain’s farm.’ When it came to international relations, Passchendaele brought out some major changes. The First World War had already been going on for three years before the Passchendaele offensive was launched. This last part was key and was a vital component of bite-and-hold operations. The other was Haig’s belief that a fight must be started with the Germans in order to relieve pressure on the French. This freed up a number of infantry divisions and guns with which the Germans could create a strategic reserve, ready and able to plug any gap that might be punched in their line by Allied attacks during 1917. The key parts are the, ‘short,’ and, ‘long term.’ You must also explain why the event you have chosen is significant to New Zealanders. He’d been sceptical of Haig for some time, particularly following the Battle of the Somme in 1916. One of the most major factors in this battle was the terrain in which the struggle took place. The wreckage of a British tank beside the infamous Menin Road near Ypres, Belgium. In, ‘The Great Wrong War,’ Stevan Eldred-Grigg asks, ‘Why did New Zealand go to war with one of its best trading partners?’ One long term positive was that after seeing the long and disastrous consequences of two World Wars, Europe decided to trade peacefully for resources rather than fight, forming the EEC, now EU, which is still a solid trading partner with New Zealand to this day. These ports were important to the German strategy, as many of their deadly submarines operated from them. Following the failure of Gough’s ‘thruster’ approach throughout August and the beginning of September, Haig was forced to turn back to Plumer. You can just tell that Paul Gross put his heart and soul into this and I really, really wanted to be impressed, finally getting the Canadian side of events after so many WW1 movies that just deal with the American or British. The Battle of Passchendaele also brought in a wave of Niuean immigrant who had previously served in the war and now preferred the British and military life over that of their island. This long, arduous campaign was launched on the 28th of July, 1917 (31st July 1917) and dragged on until the 10th of November 1917. As recognition grows that the Battle of Passchendaele on October 12, 1917 was New Zealand's darkest day, there is a need to understand the full story of the offensive and why … Tour Introduction In the year 1917, Flanders was dominated by the great offensives of the Battle of Messines and the Battle of Passchendaele. The private soldier felt a difference.”. Event - brief description of Passchendaele and the attack on Bellevue spur. What is the Battle of Passchendaele? Although it is difficult to calculate exact numbers, around 325,000 Allied and 260,000 German soldiers died in the Battle of Passchendaele. Overall in my opinion, the reason for why the battle of the Somme was so bloody was because of the tactics and thee captains sticking to them. Problems, it seems, were piling on top of one another: “The urgent need to get as many guns as possible forward meant that infantry routes were neglected in the days before the assault, leaving the attacking battalions to rely upon inadequately maintained duckboards that rapidly exhausted the men. And that is a key point made by Lloyd in his book. Many, unfortunately, were duds, something that would take a while longer to fix, but crucially, their effectiveness was also hampered by the way in which they were deployed. It was bloody because both factions knew they had to swiftly end the war, and the quickest way to do that was to capture Ypres. The Allied victory was achieved at enormous cost for … In order to be successful in NCEA History examinations, students must clearly answer the question and develop a convincing, evidence based argument. As recognition grows that the Battle of Passchendaele on October 12, 1917 was New Zealand's darkest day, there is a need to understand the full story of the offensive and why … … And just as the battle opened on July 31, 1917, wet weather is what the British got. Paul's book is scholarly, absorbing, splendid. The Battle of Passchendaele began at 3.50 on the morning of 31 July 1917, when the British army launched an attack across the gentle agricultural slopes below the village of Passchendaele. He too wanted a bite-and-hold approach but had defended Haig from the Prime Minister’s efforts to move the war away from the stalemate on the Western Front and onto more ‘decisive’ theatres, like Italy (which, as it would turn out, would go even worse for the Allies in 1917).Â. This is an utterly gripping new analysis of one of the most iconic campaigns in history. The name Passchendaele has become synonymous with mud, blood and futility. Introduction - the Battle of Passchendaele saw New Zealand exposed to global warfare on an unprecedented scale and had social and economic consequences including that of welfare. One extended offensive and two battles within it all bore the name of Passchendaele. Additionally, Lloyd George was powerless to act on the information he received about the battle because, by the time it had trickled through military channels, it was several weeks out of date and useless as a basis for making any kind of political or strategic decision. What he could not understand was just why Haig had to take Passchendaele Ridge. Every year we remember those who bravely sacrificed their lives in the First World War. Fought in the lowlands of Passchendaele, the depressed terrain allowed for severe flooding of the battlefield. Get involved in exciting, inspiring conversations. So if the size of the forces involved is taken into account as an alternative metric to the territory gained, then Gough’s attacks led to 2,548 casualties per division for BEF forces, and 5,089 per division for German forces. First the right hand, brushed along the surface irresistibly, then came the left, the outer finger ultimately touching the German frontier with a nail across. Battle of Passchendaele (July 31–November 6, 1917), World War I battle that embodied the senseless slaughter of the Western Front. Men feared that these shelters might be knocked sideways and the doorways blocked, trapping them inside. The lives of a troubled veteran, his nurse girlfriend and a naive boy intersect first in Alberta and then in Belgium during the bloody World War I battle of Passchendaele. The battle of Fromelles on 19 July 1916 was a bloody initiation for Australian soldiers to warfare on the Western Front. They planned to sweep through Passchendaele, successfully capturing it, and through towards the Belgian coast, attacking the many German U-boat bases located there. However, two things need to be considered. Whereas Passchendaele was about mud and blood, it wasn’t only about that. If looking at things from that perspective, then a different picture emerges. So twelve British and French divisions were gathered that summer to attack the German Fourth Army near the small Belgian village of Passchendaele, to break through and force the Germans to abandon their submarine bases on the Belgian coast. Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century by William Phillpott The Allied victory was achieved at enormous cost for … However, if the offensive was going to be fought, Lloyd points out that it should have been done so the way Plumer had advocated: “Had the Second Army commander been in charge from the beginning, had the offensive begun a month earlier, and had ‘bite and hold’ been the guiding principle upon which British operations were based, who knows what could have been achieved? Which brings me on to the fact that so many men were DROWNED at Passchendaele, so many simply disappeared. One of the most major factors in this battle was the terrain in which the struggle took place. Just being in Ypres was dangerous, much less continuing to fight there.Â, According to Martin Marix Evan’s ‘Passchendaele and the the Battles of Ypres 1914-18’, during the Poelcapelle battle in early October, Sergeant T Berry of 1 Rifle Brigade was alerted to the plight of one wounded man who appeared to have sought shelter in a shell hole. One headline blared:Â, “THE TRAGEDY OF THE SHELLS. By comparison, for the Battle of Menin Road Ridge (from Sept 20 to 26), in Plumer’s first assault, the British are said to have actually suffered 20,255 casualties by Everard Wyrall (out of 11 divisions) while causing 28,243 German, from five divisions. With sufficient support and time to establish themselves, the British were able to put up enough resistance to hold onto what they’d taken. Plumer made a new innovative tactic suitable to the conditions of Passchendaele whilst he was at the battle. Fig 1 Sketch from Jack’s Description of the movements of … The button below is a download link for a booklet containing a number of primary and secondary sources regarding the Battle of Passchendaele for student’s reference. By the time fighting paused on November 10, 1917, hundreds of … Firstly, many farmers thrived during the wartime as they were able to sell their produce at a sustainably high price to Britain. This worked well at Ypres, as, apart from on the ridges further back on the German side, it was difficult to build any kind of substantial trench line. Preparation -- The plan -- First days -- The 35th Division -- Ending the enfilade -- The Kriemhilde Stellung -- Reorganization -- Breakout -- Victory. Kate and William visit war graves on the outskirts of Ypres, Belgium. Also the introduction of the disabled soldier pension further descended the New Zealand economy. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/grandad-hero-never-knew-ww1-10902294 The Battle of Passchendaele was infamous for the scale of its casualties and muddy battlefields. Overwhelmed. Typically, the NZQA do not release exemplars of E8 standard, normally, they will only release an E7 exemplar. They had to send isolated patrols out to skirt and get through the barrages, and when they did, they found the Canadians had, in fact, taken it. Read & download Passchendaele A great and detailed account Of The Muddy And Bloody Battle That Was Passchendaele In the muddy and bloody battle that was Passchendaele in First World War Highly recommended Extremely good read Brought home he true horrors of the events Not to be missed Wonderful Account Of The Battle And All Its of the battle and all its I was in tears. Amid the discussions, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, pushed for an attack in Flanders. Darling informs him that he is, in fact, looking at the blank paper on the back. Haig turned instead to Fifth Army commander General Sir Hubert de la Poer Gough. Read & download Passchendaele A great and detailed account Of The Muddy And Bloody Battle That Was Passchendaele In the muddy and bloody battle that was Passchendaele in First World War Highly recommended Extremely good read Brought home he true horrors of the events Not to be missed Wonderful Account Of The Battle And All Its of the battle and all its I was in tears. However, many job industries such as mining, fishing and lumber stayed unfilled though the war, creating revenue, led to less and less production in many of these sectors.
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