An adult Aubrac weighs 2000-2600 pounds. December 9, 2020 by NDSU-VDL. Farm Journal . The British White cattle are originally from East Anglia, England. Gelbvieh is primarily kept for their meat. They are resistant to parasites and diseases and can easily digest coarse fiber. https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/factory-farming/cows/, https://www.britannica.com/animal/Angus-breed-of-cattle, https://animals.mom.com/charolais-cattle-6055.html, https://www.piedmontese.com/about_our-story.aspx, https://www.tripleacattleco.com/breeds-of-cattle-comparisons, https://www.nativebreed.org/native-mongolian-cattle/, https://www.thecattlesite.com/breeds/beef/16/beef-shorthorn/, How Much Does A Peacock Cost (and Where to Get Them). They are the largest cattle; mature bulls stand more than six feet tall at the shoulder and may weigh 4,000 pounds. If ruminant meat consumption in high-consuming countries declined to about 50 calories a day, or 1.5 burgers per person per week—about half of current U.S. levels and 25 percent below current European levels, but still well above the national average for … Products. Posted on May 29, 2020 July 15, 2020 by txbaradmin. The nutritional requirements (and feed costs) to keep tropical breeds warm during a cold snowy winter are significantly higher than among cattle adapted to cold climates. Beef cattle production systems are defined as all commercial cattle production systems where the purpose of the operation includes some or all of the breeding, rearing and finishing of cattle intended for beef consumption. These factors make them an ideal choice for both large-scale commercial purposes as well as small-scale farming. Answer (1 of 35): Well that depends on your personal preference in how you like your beef. RSPCA welfare standards for beef cattle 1 February 2020 Contents Introduction 4 Guide to the use of the RSPCA welfare standards 4 . Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. The longer explanation: Reining in climate change won’t require everyone to become vegetarian or vegan, or even to stop eating beef. Weigh cattle at the outset . Features. Winter = snow, wind, cold, hockey and booster cables. They are white or creamy white in color and were … The digestive process causes cows to belch out methane – a greenhouse gas around 25 times more potent at trapping heat than CO2. They handle severe winter weather and keep foraging in deep snow. These … In many production. 1. User Progressive Beef Cattle Raising|James Brown Id: 407250 - 16 Sep 2020. ), or the Texas Longhorn descended from feral Spanish cattle in the Southwest; and breeds from other continents such as Watusi, Wagyu, Murray Grey, etc. In case of beef production, these cattle are well known for their efficiency with weight gain and suitability for comparatively low-input systems than any other breeds. Body size Body size is best evaluated as weight at a stated level of condition or body fatness. Wagyu beef calves spend twelve months with their mother and herd. They possess a sturdy bone structure and are kept for their milk and meat. Found inside – Page 13115 However , many problems beset cattle - raising in Venezuela , whether it be for beef or for dairy products . These problems , which are now being faced , revolve around the breeds of cattle best suited to the climate , improvement ... Although there are exceptions, weight at all ages tends to be positively related—cattle heavier at birth tend to be heavier through-out life. They produce good quality meat with excellent marbling. The share of methane from beef cattle and climate change is 44%. Beef cattle can stand very cold weather, snow and hot weather. Wet, cold rains are hard on livestock. Experiences in Tennessee showed that cattle left out on pasture all winter made better gains than those housed in barns. In the North, and under some other conditions, a low-priced cattle shed design with one open side may pay. Producers. They are indigenous to South Africa and weigh anywhere from 1800-2400 pounds. Like othercontinental breeds, Limousin has been crossed with other breeds to increase size and weaning weight. The Piedmontese cattle breed produces flavorful and tender meat that makes them a beloved beef cattle breed. Found inside – Page 75Breeding of Cattle and Sheep . statement of his experience with them in Otsego Cohow he fed them in winter with straw ... ARE INout good in the spring - bow nice and mar their beef was - and - it was profitable to raise and keep them . In a hot climate, they do well. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other ... Some breeds are better than others for finishing on grass. They have thick skin and hair and have lamps and dewlaps. Examines the location and distribution of natural resources in different regions of the world, providing relevant sites, graphs, and statistics. But, we must all develop “meat consciousness” and reduce our meat consumption. Answer (1 of 3): Cross breeding almost always results in a stronger faster growing calf than pure breeding. Food prices are rising. They work well in crossbreeding programs or where cattle must utilize marginal grazing land. Two breeds are, however, perfectly suited to warmer regions. Sustain. What is the Difference? Water 7. Limousin is an old breed from western France. Due largely to gains in efficiency that were unrelated to the climate crisis, the U.S. beef industry is producing more food today than it was in 1975, but with 29% fewer cattle. They show how our relationship with cows is part of the story of America itself. Chapter 7 Forages for Beef Cattle Forages are required for beef production and cow-calf operations, forages provide all the nutrients needed for maintaining the cow and producing the Found inside – Page 462Summer temperatures affected choice of dairy cattle; winter precipitation affected the choice of cattle and sheep and; summer precipitation the choice of sheep. Temperature variability affected choice of beef cattle while precipitation ... Minerals and vitamins are required in relatively small amounts. In America, they are primarily used for crossbreeding — as a terminal cross with all calves marketed as beef (no females kept). Fortunately for us, there is a wide variety of cattle breeds to choose from for the small farmstead. They produce tasty meat that even the famous Vasco da Gama loved. These are just a few examples of the increasing transparency that consumers are asking for in all industries. if everyone in the U.S. ate no meat or cheese just one day a week, over a year, the effect on emissions would be the equivalent of taking 7.6 million cars off the road). Real-Time Prices. However, there is no single breed that fits all the criteria. I love my meat well marbled and tender. Found inside – Page 20Perhaps the men who have reached the conclusion that the improved breeds of beef cattle are not adapted to our climate have also made the mistake of putting all the poor land on the farm in pasture and all the good land in cotton and ... Best Beef Cattle/Steers for Texas Area? Found inside – Page 186In the Missouri Climatic Laboratory, beef cattle were stressed by being subjected to 5 weeks of temperatures of 30°C. A marked decrease in rate of gain as compared to a control group resulted; when the animals were returned to optimal ... January 09, 2018. Today in the U.S., there are two registries — for milking Shorthorns and beef Shorthorns. Various breeds can be crossed to add traits that you might desire in your beef animals or brood cows. They are sometimes horned or polled and are bigger. Pastureland could expand by roughly 400 million hectares, an area of land larger than the size of India, to meet growing demand. Tarentaise originated in the French Alps as dual-purpose (meat and milk) animals, related to Brown Swiss. They are light tan to beige in color. Deciding which breed of cattle to raise can be a daunting task. Karla H. Jenkins kjenkins2@unl.edu. Lying area/space allowance 15. One-thousand ‘animal units’ is equal to 700 dairy cows or 1000 meat cows, for example. X. This book provides a comprehensive overview of both economic sustainability and the environmental concerns that relate to food processing. It is divided into four sections. #1 NEW YORK TIMES BEST SELLER • In this urgent, authoritative book, Bill Gates sets out a wide-ranging, practical—and accessible—plan for how the world can get to zero greenhouse gas emissions in time to avoid a climate catastrophe. However, one caveat to the study is that it doesn’t really apply to the U.S., as North America is ahead of most of the rest of the world in livestock production efficiency. For example, more extreme weather can harm livestock and crops. The aim of this manual is to improve the welfare of dairy cattle in tropical developing countries, and by doing so, optimise cow and herd performance. A growing population with increasing incomes and urbanization combine to put stressors on our current food systems. This breed is extremely fertile, has notable longevity, and is a very hardy cattle breed. The emissions produced by the beef industry are concerning as it’s estimated that the world population will grow from 7.2 billion today to 9.6 billion in 2050. Found insideFor hundreds of years, people have bred cattle to develop characteristics that were best adapted to a particular climate and purpose. Eventually, this resulted in distinctive breeds of cattle, each with a distinctive palette of physical ... That just means that there is almost always a marked increase in any biological quality when animals or plants are cross bred. They have a smooth coat. They are approximately 5/8 Shorthorn and 3/8 Brahman, known for easy calving, good mothering ability, and improved beef quality over the Brahman. As of 2016, there were around 19,496 CAFOs in the United States. Piedmontese cattle produce meat with fewer calories, high protein per ounce, and less fat. They gain weight nicely on grass, and outperform British and continental breeds in hot climates, but they may be too flighty for an inexperienced stockman. © 2021, Countryside - All Rights Reserved, The Jersey Cow: Milk Production for the Small Homestead, How Open Range Ranching Applies to Non-Ranchers, How to Talk to Consumers About Grass-fed Beef Benefits, How to Sell Produce to Restaurants: 11 Tips for Modern Farmers, Fighting to Save a Homestead Heritage in Salmon, Idaho. Is methane from cattle production the leading cause of climate change? Even if pasture-raised meat isn’t available, choosing meat from local farmers that grass-feed their animals or encourage them to graze on grass would significantly minimize the environmental impact of your meat consumption. Aberdeen Angus is predominantly black in color, although you can still find red Angus. Salers are dark red cattle from France and popular for crossbreeding because of calving ease, hardiness, good milking ability, and fertility. Energy and protein 2. They originate from the Piedmont region in northwest Italy. The Wagyu cattle breed are a breed name that is currently taking the world by storm for their melt-in-your-mouth beef. Beefmasters are typically thought of as warm-weather cattle, but they actually do very well in all but the extreme northern climates. For example, livestock produce more milk when they eat energy-rich diets that include grain supplements, meaning that more livestock can be raised on less land, with fewer emissions per pound of meat or milk produced. If you want to be up close and personal with your cows, choose a breed with a calmer disposition or find a breeder who has selected mellow Angus for easy-handling. Red-gold and well-muscled, these cattle are finer boned than Charolais (less calving problems) but grow as rapidly. They are medium framed with well built muscles and are sturdy. From the December 2020 NDSU-VDL newsletter, a guest column by Karl Hoppe, Extension Livestock Systems Specialist, NDSU Carrington Research Extension Center: Recently, I was … ), or the Texas Longhorn descended from feral Spanish cattle in the Southwest; and breeds from other continents such as Watusi, Wagyu, Murray Grey, etc. Great place to raise cattle for cattle per acre value. RSPCA Assured 5. Think of this type of cattle as a variation of the traditional Black Angus but bred to be more tolerant to Florida’s hot climate. The Hereford is a British breed of beef cattle that originated in the county of Herefordshire, in the West Midlands of England. Various breeds can be crossed to add traits that you might desire in your beef … The market for plant-based alternatives is growing at a high rate, albeit from a low baseline. Holistic management considers humans, their economies, and the environment as inseparable. Beef Cattle's Adjustment to Cold Weather. Beef cattle are usually kept in either: 'extensive' grazing-based systems where they are mainly kept in fields and may be housed for part of the year. Your email address will not be published. Bos taurus, the British (e.g. The Orr Beef Research Center will be open for tours. Select a breed group that suits your climate. They grow quickly and efficiently. The cows are goodmothers, fertile, and long-lived. Home; Channel Guide; Today's Sales; Sign up or Log in. Since it most closely resembles what occurs in nature, animals raised on pastures have a lower environmental impact. Since theyare high-strung and huge, they are not a good choice for beginners. Washington is an incredibly diverse state for agriculture. 4.1/5 (57 Views . Breeds in North America include British breeds like Angus, Hereford, and Shorthorn; continental (European) breeds like Charolais, Simmental, Salers,Limousin, Gelbieh, Braunvieh, Tarentaise, Chianina, Maine Anjou, Blonde d’Aquitaine, Piedmontese, Romagnola; American breeds that were createdby mixing British and/or continental breeds with Brahman to produce better hot-climate cattle (Brangus, Braford, Charbray, Santa Gertrudis, Beefmaster, etc. They have impressive horns and long hair. Every beef cattle breed has pluses and minuses, and what might be a plus for one farmer could be a drawback in another situation. Cattle . Cattle produce about 80 million metric tons of methane per year globally. The bulls weigh between 1100-1300 pounds, while the female weighs between 600 and 900 pounds. The meat has good marbling quality, is tasty, and is tender. Chianina are white Italian cattle originally used as draft animals. Reading Time: 3 minutes Back to 3 minutes version. Found inside – Page 52Good markets ; excellent pastures ; corn ; High price of hay and grain . hay ; size of farms ; character of labor ... Beef cattle .. Good market ; crops ; pastures ; climate . High price of feed ; smallness of farms ; competition with ... Found inside – Page 179Climate change is predicted to add to this challenge (Hughes 2003), requiring livestock that are productive under ... to optimise management of individual animals or groups of cattle to best meet market specifications and to create ... BEEF MAKES WASHINGTON'S GREAT FOOD-GROWING SCENE GREATER. NKAYI, Zimbabwe (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Ntokozo Ncube brims with joy like a proud father as he shows off a … Amanda Radke | Oct 13, 2021. RSPCA Farm Animals Department 5. Angus cattle are the breed of choice for many beef cattle farmers. High Winter Feed Costs. Even as beef production is becoming more efficient (albeit costly and ethically concerning), forests are still being cut down for new pasture as meat consumption is still rising. Angus is also used to improve carcass quality in other breeds. Hardy cattle beef up Zimbabwe farmers' incomes. Similarly, you could choose to incorporate meat into your main meal – ideally with a smaller portion than you’d usually go for – but not have any for lunch or breakfast. This breed is resistant to harsh weather, is adaptable, undemanding, matures early compared to other breeds, and has a high carcass yield. They’re free to forage naturally, which reduces their reliance on high-energy grains and other crops. Rigid culling in range conditions, based on hardiness, disposition, fertility, growth, conformation, and milk production has created a superior beef animal that needs no pampering. Food and water 6. The smallest beef cattle breed is the Dexter, originating in southern Ireland, bred by farmers with small holdings in the mountains. Many breeds of cattle do not like hot climates and only thrive in areas with cool summers. Two breeds are, however, perfectly suited to warmer regions. The Santa Gertrudis is a stocky breed with short horns. It is farmed for beef and is popular in Texas. The Kankrej is common in India and is used mainly for pulling loads. Plant-based burgers and blended meat-plant alternatives increasingly compete with conventional meat products on important attributes like taste, price, and convenience. These are prepared by notable experts in their field, to help provide factual context around selected topics that impact cattle welfare and production systems. The more we buy it, the more the industry will produce. for Beef Cattle Introduction Nutritional needs of cattle can be broken down simply in to three sections: 1. Have you heard of the Ona White Angus? #1. BREEDPLAN is a modern genetic evaluation system for estimating the breeding value of cattle for a range of economically important production traits. If we opt to consume less meat or dairy-based meals per week it will have a huge impact on our personal wellbeing and the health of the planet. University of Nebraska – Lincoln. The beef from Limousins is highly sought after. Self-fed supplement guidelines for beef cow-herds during cold weather. Their meat is high-quality and tender due to their high growth rate. Disposition should be taken into consideration when selecting stock for a small farm. Cows emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas, when they burp and, to a much lesser extent, fart. Cattle Breeds - Aberdeen Angus Aberdeen Angus History The Aberdeen Angus breed (or Angus as it is known internationally) was developed in the early part of the 19 th Century from the polled and predominantly black cattle of North east Scotland known locally as "doddies" and "hummlies". Food 6. The Simmental is a good beef breed with good growth and a large build. Some breeders have selected for lower birthweights to get away from this problem. A limousin’s carcass can have up to 80% meat yield. Photograph: Jean-Philippe Ksiazek/AFP/Getty Animals farmed is supported by They were initially called red-yellow Franconial cattle. Charolais. They are the oldest french cattle breed. Shorthorn cattle breeds come in red, roan and white. Every cattle operation will have unique vaccination requirements based on individual herd goals, so the following guidelines for vaccinating cattle may not be applicable in all situations. What is your favorite beef cattle breed? Where farmers commit to grass finishing, outlined are five tips to getting the best return on cattle. Use this data as a basis to decide if animals will reach a suitable finishing weight by September or early October. "The assessment builds on the work of the Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative"--Pref. They are light red to dark red and are moderate in size, and the bulls are aggressive breeders. Related: UN Food Summit targets ending hunger, creating resiliency. They are white or creamy white in color and were developed in central France from the Charolles district. Your email address will not be published. They adapt well to all conditions, and have long productive years of 14 years and more. Cherry red with darker ears, nose, and feet, they are moderate size (one of the smaller continental breeds), highlyfertile, and early maturing. When selecting a quality beef breed, you should keep in mind that not every bull will fit your perfect production scenario because each bull has different needs and resources. This Cattle Recording Book is the perfect notebook for organizing and keeping track of your herd. They have desirable characteristics such as fast growth and high fertility. Devon cattle originated in southwestern England as draft animals and were later selected for beef traits, producing flavorful meat on native grasses. options for calving, finishing beef cattle, and housing bulls. Answer (1 of 3): Cross breeding almost always results in a stronger faster growing calf than pure breeding. Cows are highly fertile, and calves are small but grow fast. The calves grow faster and largerthan British breeds, but are slower maturing and do not finish as quickly. Beef cattle can stand very cold weather, snow and hot weather. Calves will need a higher level of nutrition to allow for their growth, while mature dry cows will need a relatively low level of nutrition. It has a wheat-colored coat in varying shades. The Best Breed of Cattle For Grass Fed Beef. Feed requirements also increase for cold weather and especially for cold rains. They have excellent disposition; they were historically raised and tended by women. Additonally, what type of grass do … 12 Apr 2019. Early preparation and finding new feed sources will help keep cost of production down and will eliminate stress later in the year. Great fishing and good hunting, not as good as Wyoming as I get to hunt deer, antelope and elk hunt every year plus all the other stuff Missouri has … This report reviews the literature since the AR4. it draws on recent research to summarise advances in our understanding of the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. The breed you choose will depend on your goals and purposes — and how you want to raise and market them. They became popular for crossbreeding to create larger, fast-growing cattle. Some breeds, such as Galloway and Scotch Highland, are well adapted to very cold climates, while Brahman, Brangus, Senepol, Santa Gertrudis, and other Brahman crosses and composites do well in hot … Its beef is nicely mottled, adding to its tenderness, and the average yield of carcasses is about 61%.Its bulls are considered much quieter than other breeds in general. The skin on their shoulders and the croup are dark-colored. Wet, cold rains are hard on livestock. Texas. ... the first prize of $500 as an exhibitor of cattle from a foreign country and also the grand prize of $500 for the best group of beef-producing animals bred by any exhibitor. The Hereford Cattle are dark red to red-yellow in color and have a white color running from their face to their underline. The resulting deforestation could increase global emissions so much that we would surpass the global goal highlighted by the IPCC report of limiting temperature rise to 1.5-2 degrees C (2.7-3.6 degrees F) to avoid catastrophic impacts due to climate change. Simmental cattle breeds are also an excellent choice for cross-breeding. Mature male Hereford cattle weigh up to 1800 pounds. They can be any color or spotted. Angus cows are popular with many ranchers because they are good mothers and require very little care at calving. The two biggest drivers of beef’s climate footprint, per that report: Burps and farts: Oh, grow up and keep reading. Right now, Scotland is hosting the COP26 summit to “unite the world to tackle climate change.” Although the focus in the cattle industry has been on inflation and price discovery lately, the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association is always thinking about the industry’s role in fighting global climate … Brahmans, are well-adapted to the heat of northern Australia. Limousin is a french breed from the Limousin and Marche regions of France. They have a high rate of gain and feed efficiency and adapt well to different climate conditions. Large in size, the Longhorn is a hardy breed considered a good calving cow with a high milk yield. Somebreeders in America are now producing black, polled Salers.This breed has a bad reputation for disposition, and though there are some mellow family lines, the hot-headed flightiness of some of these cattle can make them a poor choice for beginners. It is farmed for beef and is popular in Texas. These data indicate that unprocessed rye is a palatable feed ingredient for inclusion in finishing diets for beef cattle and that rye inclusion only minimally influences the carcass quality grade. Beef cattle; Sheep; Dairy; Goats; Honey bees; Horses; Pigs; Poultry and birds; Other animals; Zoonoses - Animal diseases that can infect people; Animal welfare; Feeding and nutrition; Animal biosecurity; Laboratory services; Non-native animals; Livestock movements; National Livestock Identification System; Forestry. Beef is more resource-intensive than most other foods and has a substantial impact on the climate. Pregnant cows in the last third of pregnancy require more nutrients than dry cows. The Aubrac beef breed is from Southern France from the Plateu de l’Aubrac Massif. Either way, there is an abundance of information that you can find to help give you that confidence in your decision. The cattle foraged in rough country adjacent to little farms. Below are some of the best cattle breeds you can consider when looking to purchase some beef cattle to add to your herd. The best cattle and livestock market information at your fingertips. These polled cattle have easy-born, fast-growing calves. Drawing on the work of thinkers and doers, renegade scientists and institutional whistleblowers from around the world, Schwartz challenges much of the conventional thinking about global warming and other problems. Most are red but may range from tan to black — with an occasional white or dun. Breed traits include fast growth, marbled meat (flecks of fat, making it tender and juicy), and maternal ability (aggressive, protective mothers that produce a lot of milk for their calves). However, you should consider their growth rate, feed efficiency, body measurements, longevity, and carcass merit when selecting a cattle beef breed. A separate breed of Red Angus was created by selecting Angus with a recessive red gene. For the latest Coronavirus (COVID-19) Victoria updates, restrictions, travel permits and exposure sites, visit the Victorian Government's Coronavirus website. Red Poll originated in England as dual-purpose animals. The study’s results apply primarily to agriculture in developing countries. Why is there titanium dioxide in my donut? Global beef and dairy consumption is on the rise – and it generates more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than all the world’s cars, threatening long-term climate targets. With us, you will have direct communication with your writer via chat. Transgenic or GMO? Santa Gertrudis were created on the King Ranch in Texas by crossing Brahman with Shorthorn. It is one used in many different parts of … They are bred for their meat. Angus are black and genetically polled (no horns). This breed has been used primarily for grass finishing, reaching market weight at a young age, and excels in meat quality (marbling and tenderness) without grain. In the U.S., 58 percent of our methane emissions are produced by cattle. Mature animals are small compared to most beef breeds. Wild Horse Desert / Kingsville Area. The Turano-Mongolian beef breed is native to China. As you can imagine, cattle with a darker coat can suffer some heat effects in our state. The beef industry disagrees on the best way to promote fairness in cattle markets. They … Some breeders have created a black, polled version. Angus and Angus-cross calves are popular withfeedlot buyers because of their excellent carcass traits. Beefmaster is an American beef cattle breed produced by crossing Brahman with Shorthorn and Hereford to create a heat-tolerant animal with good beef production. They produce high-quality meat with excellent marbling and tenderness. Greenhouse gas emissions by the livestock sector could be cut by as much as 30 percent through the wider use of existing best practices and technologies. That just means that there is almost always a marked increase in any biological quality when animals or plants are cross bred. While beef costs the environment 16 kg of CO2 equivalent per kg of meat, pork is closer to 8 kg per kg of meat, and chicken comes in at 4.4 kg of CO2 equivalent per kg of meat. Don’t go whole-hog and buy as many cows as you can stock on your property! These statements are true as cows are ruminants, meaning that their stomachs contain specialized bacteria capable of digesting tough and fibrous material such as grass. App function: The app … Gelbvieh are tan/gold and originated in Austria/Germany as multi-purpose cattle (meat, milk, and draft). They are well developed in places considered valuable cuts (back, loin, and hindquarters). Gelbvieh is a cattle breed from the Franconian district of Bavaria, Germany. Diets higher in healthy plant-based foods (such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes) are associated with lower risks. These cattle are efficient and can do well on grass, without grain, producing a trim carcass with a high percentage of meat. Mature female Hereford weighs 1,200 pounds. Bigger Isn't Better; Traits for grass finished cattle. Article 7.9.2. Good information. It is also been making headlines on the very costly price of the beef which along with the melt-in-your-mouth texture and incredible delicate butter flavor of the meat it is also said to be quite a bit healthier than most other red meat. It is a hardy breed and can handle freezing weather exceptionally well. Spring-calving herds have different seasonal forage requirements than fall-calving herds. Their name is derived from the area where they were first bred (Simme Valley). They also have an excellent gain rate with a good feed conversion capacity. They are the oldest french cattle breed. The cattle beef breed that you select for farming will depend on the objectives and the conditions of you, your farm, and the demands of the consumers. As in all continental breeds, selection for disposition is important, since some are less easy to handle than others. Beginning stockmen desiring to use this breed should keep disposition in mind and select carefully since some individuals are flighty and hot-headed.
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